Resumo O presente estudo aborda a passagem do tempo e a informação pós-evento como dois fatores com potencial impacto na prova testemunhal que, apesar de provados cientificamente há tempos, seguem sem tratamento adequado no processo penal. O artigo pretende responder a dois questionamentos: (i) por que, diante de tantas evidências científicas, fatores como a passagem do tempo e as informações pós-evento seguem sendo ignorados pelo direito e, especificamente, pelo processo penal?; (ii) como é possível desenhar o processo penal para que esse passe a considerar e a lidar com a passagem do tempo e com as informações pós-evento? Para isso, na primeira parte, são apontadas duas razões que contribuem para manter tais problemas ocultos (presuntivismo e falsa dicotomia entre verdade e mentira); na segunda parte, são apresentados os problemas; e na terceira parte são formuladas três propostas para buscar lidar com esses (produção imediata, quando possível, e existência de protocolos quanto à forma de fazer perguntas e à necessidade de gravação. A metodologia utilizada é a revisão bibliográfica de escritos da psicologia do testemunho, da epistemologia do testemunho e da doutrina do processo penal.

Abstract The present study explores retention interval and post-event information as two potential factors of impact in eyewitness testimony; those factors have been proven scientifically long time ago, but continue to be in the shadows of criminal procedure jurisprudence. The article aims to answer two questions: (i) considering all the scientific evidence available, why do factors as retention interval and post-event information continue to be ignored by the law, and, specifically by the criminal procedure jurisprudence?; (ii) how is it possible to rearrange criminal procedures in order to consider and deal with memory retention interval and post-event information? To do so, in the first part it presents two reasons that contribute to keep those problems in the shadows (presuntivism and false dichotomy between truth and lie); in the second part, it presents the problems; and in the third part it presents three proposals to try to deal with them (immediate production, when possible, and the existence of protocols about the ways of questioning and about the need that interviews are recorded. The methodology used is the analysis of bibliography on psychology and epistemology of testimony, as well as criminal procedure jurisprudence.

Abstract Mineral coal is a fuel that can be used by thermoelectric plants to generate electricity, however, the solid residues of its combustion, so-called ash, cause erosion and corrosion in the internal components of boilers that operate at high temperatures, causing failures in the system. This study proposes a metallic coating based on Fe-Cr-Si, obtained using the electric arc thermal spray technique as an alternative for protecting the most affected parts of boiler tubes by the ash impact. Optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), semi-quantitative chemical analysis by Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), roughness measurements, pull-off adhesion tests were used. Thermal diffusivity measurements and mathematical modelling were elaborated to evaluate the thermal exchange efficiency impact of the coating in thermoelectric plant boiler tubes. The results showed that the chemical components of the sprayed wire were well incorporated into a coating with a hardness of 730.54 ± 164.28 HV, approximately three times greater than the hardness of boiler pipes and only 11% less than the hardness of ash. XRD identified the presence of crystalline phases in the coating and adhesion tests showed that the failures were cohesive without substrate exposure. The presence of the coating reduced heat exchange of approximately 0.64% / tube length. These results showed that the proposed coating, which has a lower cost compared to others, be a promising solution to avoid unscheduled shutdowns in thermoelectric boilers.

The present study is aimed to deal with the reconstruction of meanings of intercepted dialogues. Being so, on the first part, it presents concepts of semiotics and epistemology; on the second part, those concepts are applied to a real case. All of that aiming to answer two questions: (i) is the reconstruction of meanings of texts, words or sentences independent of the context of its use? (ii) how is it possible to get to know the context of the communication? The methodology used is the analysis of bibliography on semiotics and epistemology, using a real case as example.

O presente estudo pretende abordar a questão da reconstrução de sentidos de diálogos obtidos a partir de interceptações telefônicas. Assim, na primeira parte apresenta conceitos da semiótica e da epistemologia para, na segunda parte, aplica-los a um caso real. Tudo a fim de responder a dois questionamentos: (i) a reconstrução de sentidos de textos, palavras ou frases pode se dar de maneira independente do contexto de sua utilização?; (ii) como é possível conhecer o contexto de uma comunicação? A metodologia utilizada é a revisão bibliográfica de escritos da semiótica e da epistemologia, utilizando-se caso real para ilustrar.

Abstract The nanostructured hydroxyapatite (HAp) was synthesized by precipitation from aqueous phase, using hen’s eggshells and different sucrose concentrations. The XRD results confirmed the formation of HAp, with crystallite size of about 15-22 nm. The SEM and TEM characterization showed morphological changes when increasing the amount of sucrose used, with the tendency to form spheroidal particles. The specific surface area increases from 36 to 93 m2.g-1 as the amount of sucrose used increases. Our results indicated that sucrose can be used as a promising additive/template, easy to obtain at low cost. In addition to contributing to the recycling of this biowaste (eggshells), the synthesized HAp has the potential to be used in bone tissue engineering applications, since the samples were no cytotoxicity to dental pulp stem cells in the in vitro assessment by resazurin assay.

This study carried out the microstructural characterization, by light microscopy, of sintered SiC in the presence of liquid phase at temperatures of 1800, 1850 and 1900 ºC, added with Al2O3 and Y2O3 as well with Al2O3-YAG composite in the proportions of 5, 10 and 15% by weight. It was possible to observe the formation of microstructural patterns resulting from the heterogeneous segregation of the additives, such observation is associated to the pulling of additives during the initial stage of ceramography. Two ceramographic paths were followed: method I - surface grinding followed by manual polishing and method II - automatic grinding and polishing. In order to compare the two techniques the analysis of 3D roughness by light interferometry and the Vickers microhardness test were used. It was concluded by the analysis of variance with 95% confidence that the degree of finishing obtained by both methods allowed the adequate microstructural characterization, as well as, to meet the requirements established by the ASTM C1327-15 standard for hardness test.

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as taxas de resistência de Streptococcus pneumoniae, isolados de pacientes com meningite, à penicilina G, ceftriaxona e vancomicina; avaliar possíveis fatores de risco para resistência antimicrobiana; descrever os sorotipos encontrados e sugerir a terapêutica empírica inicial para meningite. Foram isoladas 100 amostras de S. pneumoniae, encontrando-se 15% de resistência à penicilina, 1% à cefalosporina e 0% à vancomicina. Os sorotipos mais encontrados foram 14 (19%), 3 e 23F (10% cada). Analisando-se os resistentes, o sorotipo 14 (44%) também foi o mais freqüente. Os fatores de risco para resistência de S. pneumoniae encontrados foram: idade menor que um ano (p=0,01) e o uso prévio de antibiótico (p=0,046). As taxas de resistência encontradas, moderada a penicilina, baixa para cefalosporina e nula para vancomicina, sugerem como terapêutica empírica inicial para tratamento da meningite bacteriana aguda de origem comunitária, a cefalosporina de terceira geração isoladamente.

The main objectives of this study are to evaluate the resistance rates of Streptococcus pneumonia to penicillin G, ceftriaxone and vancomycin in patients with meningitis; to analyze possible risk factors to the antimicrobian resistance; to describe the serotypes detected and to suggest an initial empirical treatment for meningitis. The sensitiveness and serotypes of all isolated S. pneumoniae of patients with acute bacterial meningitis received by the Paraná State Central Laboratory from April 2001 to august 2002 have been evaluated. One hundred S. pneumoniae have been isolated, of which 15% were resistant to penicillin, 1% to cephalosporin and 0% to vancomycin. The serotypes most found were 14 (19%), 3 and 23F (10% each). When only the resistant serotypes were analyzed, the most prevalent was the 14 with 44%. The risk factors found in relation to the S. pneumoniae resistance were: age under one year old (p=0.01) and previous use of antibiotic (p=0.046). The resistance rates found, which were moderate to penicillin, low to cephalosporin and neutral to vancomycin, suggest the isolated use of a 3rd generation cephalosporin as an initial empirical therapy for the treatment of acute bacterial meningitis with a communitarian background.

Na fase de pós-colheita da manga, a antracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz.) é a doença mais importante em termos de expressão econômica. Seu controle vem sendo feito pela imersão dos frutos por 5 minutos, em água a 55 ºC, acrescida de thiabendazo1 a 0,2%. Embora seja eficaz no controle dessa doença, esse fungicida pode deixar resíduo, o que não satisfaz os consumidores que vêm, a cada ano, aumentando as suas exigências por frutos livres de resíduos de agroquímicos e ambientalmente corretos. Dessa forma, esses experimentos foram conduzidos visando à seleção de produtos biológicos que tenham potencial para o controle da antracnose e para a conservação da manga na pós-colheita. Os frutos, colhidos no estádio de maturação 3 e 4, foram imersos por 5 minutos em thiabendazol a 0,24% e benomil a 0,1 % a 22 ºC, 40 ºC ou 45 ºC e em diferentes concentrações de óleo de soja isolado ou em mistura com benomil, thiabendazol e com extrato etanólico de sucupira (Pterodon pubescens Benth.). Após os tratamentos, os frutos foram mantidos em câmaras a 27 ± 1 ºC, 72 % a 85 % de UR (Experimento nº 1) e a 17ºC a 85% a 100% de UR (experimento nº 2). As avaliações foram efetuadas aos 15 dias (experimento nº 1 ) e aos 30 dias (experimento nº 2) após os tratamentos, determinando-se as porcentagens da superfície dos frutos cobertas com lesões, de frutos verdes, maduros e de vez, ºBrix e textura. O óleo de soja, isolado ou misturado com benomil ou thiabendazol, a 22 ºC ou a 40 ºC, aumentou o tempo de prateleira da manga Palmer e foi eficaz no controle da antracnose.

The anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz.) is the most important post-harvest disease of mango fruit. Its control has been done by immersion of fruits for 5 minutes in hot water at 55ºC containing the fungicide thiabendazole at 200 g/100 liters. Although efficient in the control of mango anthracnose, this fungicide can leave residues. This fact does not satisfy the consumers who claim for pesticides-free fruits and pollution-free environment. Two experiments were carried out aiming at the selection of phytotherapeutics to control of post harvest anthracnose and to increase the mango shelf life period. Mango fruits were harvested in the 3rd and 4th ripening stages, immersed for 5 minutes in water (control), benomyl (100g/100 liters), thiabendazole (240g/100 liters) at 22 ºC, 40 ºC or 45 ºC and in different concentrations of soybean oil alone or in mixtures with benomyl, thiabendazole and ethanolic extract of sucupira fruit (Pterodon pubescens Benth.). After treatments the fruits were maintained in room conditions at 27±1ºC, RH = 72 %_ 85% (Exp. n. 1) and at 17 ºC, RH = 85 %-100% (Exp. n. 2). The experiments were evaluated at 15 days (Exp. nº 1) and 30 days after the treatment (Exp. nº 2) by determining the percentages of the fruit area with lesions, ripe, half-ripe and unripe fruits, ºBrix and texture. Soybean oil alone or with benomyl or thiabendazol at 22ºC or 40ºC increased mango shelf life period and was efficient in the control of anthracnose.